Aquinas Five Ways Essays

Aquinas Five Ways Essays Aquinas Five Ways Essay Aquinas Five Ways Essay St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) Selection from his Summa theologiae (Summary of theology), ca. 1268 Part 1, question 2, article 3 (sometimes abbreviated ST 1.2.3) Available online: newadvent.org/summa/1002.htm#3 The writing style and presentation of the medieval philosophers and theologians is quite different from how essays are written today. Thomas begins by introducing a topic (called the Questionâ„ ¢), which in this case is the existence of a God. He then examines a number of more specific issues or questions within that topic (called the Articlesâ„ ¢). Below we are looking only at the third article in this Question, the issue of whether God exists. Thomasâ„ ¢s method of presentation is to consider various positions or views on that issue; these are positions he will ultimately reject, and so he calls them Objectionsâ„ ¢ to his thesis. (Again, the objections below are not Thomasâ„ ¢s position; they are positions popular or otherwise known during his day.) After the objections are presented, Thomas presents a contrary view, usually called the Sed Contraâ„ ¢, which is the latin for what is translated below as On the Contrary. Again, this is not Thomasâ„ ¢s position; i t is just a contrary position to show that debate exists on the issue at hand. Next, Thomas gives his own position on the matter, called the Respondeo, which is the latin for what is translated below as I answer that. When Thomas says I answer that he is giving his own considered position on the issue. Here below, he presents his view of the Five Ways to show that a God exists. Finally, Thomas offers replies to the original Objections, considering them in light of the position he endorses. Question 2: The Existence of God Article 3. Whether God exists Objection 1. It seems that God does not exist; because if one of two contraries be infinite, the other would be altogether destroyed. But the word Godâ„ ¢ means that He is infinite goodness. If, therefore, God existed, there would be no evil discoverable; but there is evil in the world. Therefore God does not exist. Objection 2. Further, it is superfluous to suppose that what can be accounted for by a few principles has been produced by many. But it seems that everything we see in the world can be accounted for by other principles, supposing God did not exist. For all natural things can be reduced to one principle which is nature; and all voluntary things can be reduced to one principle which is human reason, or will. Therefore there is no need to suppose Godâ„ ¢s existence. On the contrary, It is said in the person of God: I am Who am. (Exodus 3:14) I answer that, The existence of God can be shown in five ways. The first and more manifest way is the argument from motion. It is certain, and evident to our senses, that in the world some things are in motion. Now whatever is in motion is put in motion by another, for nothing can be in motion except it is in potentiality to that towards which it is in motion; whereas a thing moves inasmuch as it is in act. For motion is nothing else than the reduction of something from potentiality to actuality. But nothing can be reduced from potentiality to actuality, except by something in a state of actuality. Thus that which is actually hot, as fire, makes wood, which is potentially hot, to be actually hot, and thereby moves and changes it. Now it is not possible that the same thing should be at once in actuality and potentiality in the same respect, but only in different respects. For what is actually hot cannot simultaneously be potentially hot; but it is simultaneously potentially cold. It is therefore impossible that in the same respect and in the same way a thing should be both mover and moved, i.e. that it should move itself. Therefore, whatever is in motion must be put in motion by another. If that by which it is put in motion be itself put in motion, then this also must needs be put in motion by another, and that by another again. But this cannot go on to infinity, because then there would be no first mover, and, consequently, no other mover; seeing that subsequent movers move only inasmuch as they are put in motion by the first mover; as the staff moves only because it is put in motion by the hand. Therefore it is necessary to arrive at a first mover, put in motion by no other; and this everyone understands to be God. The second way is from the nature of the efficient cause. In the world of sense we find there is an order of efficient causes. There is no case known (neither is it, indeed, possible) in which a thing is found to be the efficient cause of itself; for so it would be prior to itself, which is impossible. Now in efficient causes it is not possible to go on to infinity, because in all efficient causes following in order, the first is the cause of the intermediate cause, and the intermediate is the cause of the ultimate cause, whether the intermediate cause be several, or only one. Now to take away the cause is to take away the effect. Therefore, if there be no first cause among efficient cause, there will be no ultimate, nor any intermediate cause. But if in efficient cause it is possible to go on to infinity, there will be no first efficient cause, neither will there be an ultimate effect, nor any intermediate efficient cause; all of which is plainly false. Therefore it is necessary to admit a first efficient cause, to which everyone gives the name of God. The third way is taken from possibility and necessity, and runs thus. We find in nature things that are possible to be and not to be, since they are found to be generated, and to corrupt, and consequently, they are possible to be and not to be. But it is impossible for these always to exist, for that which is possible not to be at some time is not. Therefore, if everything is possible not to be, then at one time there could have been nothing in existence. Now if this were true, even now there would be nothing in existence, because that which does not exist only begins to exist by something already existence. Therefore, if at one time nothing was in existence, it would have been impossible for anything to have begun to exist; and thus even now nothing would be in existence† which is absurd. Therefore, not all beings are merely possible, but there must exist something the existence of which is necessary. But every necessary thing either has its necessity caused by another, or not . Now it is impossible to go on to infinity in necessary things which have their necessity caused by another, as has been already proved in regard to efficient causes. Therefore we cannot but postulate the existence of some being having of itself its own necessity, and not receiving it from another, but rather causing in others their necessity. This all men speak of as God. The fourth way is taken from the gradation to be found in things. Among beings there are some more and some less good, true, noble and the like. But moreâ„ ¢ and lessâ„ ¢ are predicated of different things, according as they resemble in their different ways something which is the maximum, as a thing is said to be hotter according as it more nearly resembles that which is hottest; so that there is something which is truest, something best, something noblest and, consequently, something which is uttermost being; for those things that are greatest in truth are greatest in being, as it is written in [Aristotleâ„ ¢s] Metaphysics II. Now the maximum in any genus is the cause of all in that genus; as fire, which is the maximum heat, is the cause of all hot things. Therefore there must also be something which is to all beings the cause of their being, goodness, and every other perfection; and this we call God. The fifth way is taken from the governance of the world. We see that things which lack intelligence, such as natural bodies, act for an end, and this is evident from their acting always, or nearly always, in the same way, so as to obtain the best result. Hence it is plain that not fortuitously, but designedly, do they achieve their end. Now whatever lacks intelligence cannot move towards an end, unless it be directed by some being endowed with knowledge and intelligence; as the arrow is shot to its mark by the archer. Therefore some intelligent being exists by whom all natural things are directed to their end; and this being we call God. Reply to Objection 1. As Augustine says (Enchiridion xi): Since God is the highest good, He would not allow any evil to exist in His works, unless His omnipotence and goodness were such as to bring good even out of evil. This is part of the infinite goodness of God, that He should allow evil to exist, and out of it produce good. Reply to Objection 2. Since nature works for a determinate end under the direction of a higher agent, whatever is done by nature must needs be traced back to God, as to its first cause. So also whatever is done voluntarily must also be traced back to some higher cause other than human reason or will, since these can change or fail; for all things that are changeable and capable of defect must be traced back to an immovable and self-necessary first principle, as was shown in the body of the Article.

Harry Pace and Black Swan Records

Harry Pace and Black Swan Records Overview In 1921, entrepreneur Harry Herbert Pace established Pace Phonograph Corporation and the record label, Black Swan Records. As the first African-American owned record company, Black Swan was known for its ability to produce â€Å"race records.† And the company proudly stamped its slogan on every album cover â€Å"The Only Genuine Colored RecordsOthers are Only Passing for Colored.† Recording the likes of Ethel Waters, James P. Johnson, as well as Gus and Bud Aikens.   Achievements Published the first African-American illustrated journal, The Moon Illustrated Weekly. Established the first African-American owned record company, Pace Phonograph Corporation and sold recordings as Black Swan Records. Fast Facts Born: January 6, 1884 in Covington, Ga. Parents: Charles and Nancy Francis Pace Spouse: Ethelyne Bibb Death: July 19, 1943 in Chicago Harry Pace and the Birth of Black Swan Records   After graduating from Atlanta University, Pace moved to Memphis where he worked a variety of jobs in banking and insurance. By 1903, Pace   launched a printing business with his mentor, W.E.B. Du Bois. Within two years, the duo collaborated to publish the magazine The Moon Illustrated Weekly. Although the publication was short-lived, it allowed Pace a taste of entrepreneurship.   In 1912, Pace met musician W.C. Handy. The pair began writing songs together, relocated to New York City, and established the Pace and Handy Music Company. Pace and Handy published sheet music that was sold to white-owned record companies. Yet as the Harlem Renaissance picked up steam, Pace was inspired to expand his business. After ending his partnership with Handy, Pace establish the Pace Phonograph Corporation and the Black Swan Record Label in 1921. The company was named for performer Elizabeth Taylor Greenfield who was called â€Å"The Black Swan.† Famed composer William Grant Still was hired as the company’s musical director. Fletcher Henderson became Pace Phonograph’s bandleader and recording manager. Working out of the basement of Pace’s home, Black Swan Records played an important role making jazz and blues mainstream musical genres. Recording and marketing music specifically to African-American consumers, Black Swan recorded the likes of Mamie Smith, Ethel Waters and many others. In its first year of business, the company made an estimated $100,000. The following year, Pace purchased a building to house the business, hired regional district managers in cities throughout the United States and an estimated 1,000 salespeople. Soon after, Pace joined forces with white business owner John Fletcher to buy a pressing plant and recording studio. Yet Pace’s expansion was also the beginning of his downfall. As other record companies realized that African-American consumerism was powerful, they also began hiring African-American musicians.   By 1923, Pace had to close the doors of Black Swan. After losing to major recording companies that could record for lower prices and the arrival of radio broadcasting, Black Swan went from selling 7000 records to 3000 daily. Pace filed for bankruptcy, sold his pressing plant in Chicago and finally, he sold Black Swan   to Paramount Records.   Life After Black Swan Records   Although Pace was disappointed by the quick rise and fall of Black Swan Records, he was not deterred from being a businessman. Pace opened the Northeastern Life Insurance Company. Pace’s company went on to become one of the most prominent African-American owned businesses in the northern United States. Before his death in 1943, Pace graduated from law school and practiced as an attorney for several years.

Food allergies and safety in a food service establishment Research Paper

Food allergies and safety in a food service establishment - Research Paper Example Most restaurants are more than happy to substitute food items in regard to food allergies. The allergic person should never assume the food he is allergic to is not in the dish, just because it is not listed in the ingredients. Always ask for a complete ingredient list before ordering anything. Again using a garlic allergy as example, he should clearly state the medical issue to the server, asking for assistance in confirming with the cook staff which dishes do not contain any garlic. Most restaurants substitute items in regards to food allergies. All food service establishments must be aware of the  Food Allergy Notification Law. Restaurants can download the pre-set  Food Allergy Labels, print or copy onto label sheets and apply to printed menus. Yes, food allergy is complicated and can be fatal. But with proper information and communication with the food establishment it can be totally prevented. Always do remember, that prevention is better than cure. Works Cited Page Adam, â €˜Restaurants on Food Allergy’, Right Health, 2009.Magazine. 10 May 2011 Sicherer, ‘Food Allergies’, Food Allergy Initiative, 2009.Web.10 May 10 2011 Mayo, â€Å"Food Allergy, Mayo Foundation for Medical Educ. Research†, np.10 May 2011

Graphic Design Impact on Fashion Annotated Bibliography

Graphic Design Impact on Fashion - Annotated Bibliography Example The essay "Graphic Design Impact on Fashion" concerns the graphic design and fashion. The Book answers important questions such as whether women create differently as compare to men, how gender debates are taken in the modern work environment and whether women in the modern workplace are judged based on quality of their work. It features sentiments from historians of design as well as biographies and stories of major women designers like Iris Utikal, Sheila Levrant Irma Boom among others. It surely shows how powerful a tool, graphic design can be in shaping fashion and culture as well as values. The authors of this book take a look at the way graphic design has helped shape fashion. It has selections of the world best studios for design, their work and contribution to the to fashion industry’s growth. The book also contains insights from designers and customers about the industries direction. The crucial developments of graphic design in the bigger area of fashion are well art iculated and the reader can really appreciate what design is doing to fashion. It is an appropriate book for upcoming designers, fusionists as well as fashion lovers as has a lot of fascinating and exciting information. The paper examines ceramic designs and their importance particularly to the homes and buildings. It looks at their impact to fashion as well as their commercial usage and communication. A lot of value is attached to artwork which goes beyond monetary value and this is what the designer aims at bringing out.

Price control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Price control - Essay Example Price control policies in history were put in place as portion of a larger income policy package while inducing wage controls as regulatory element. Price control takes two forms, a ceiling price (maximum) and the floor price (minimum) that can be charged in a market. These two forms of price control act as a regulatory element during shortages to prevent from market inflation (Rockoff, 67). The application of price control is comprehensible. However, price controls fail to safeguard many consumers and offend others. Controls hold out the promise of protecting individuals that are struggling to meet increased price. Therefore, the prohibition against moneylending, charging high interest on loans, is projected to protect individuals who are obligated to borrow out of desperation. For instance, the maximum price for bread was theoretical to protect the have-nots, who relied on bread for their survival. The rent controls were proposed policies to protect those who were renting when the demand for houses exceeded the supply thus; landlords were getting ready to â€Å"gouge prices† to their tenants (Stern, 140). Despite the appeal of frequent use of price controls, economists opposed them except in times of emergencies. According to statistics of 1992, 76.3% of the economists interviewed agreed with the slogan, â€Å"A ceiling on rents reduces the quality and quantity of house available.† An extension of 16.6% agreed with qualifications, and only 6.5% disagreed with the statement. Similar results were observed when the economists were interviewed about price controls: 8.4% agreed with the report: â€Å"Wage-price controls are a useful policy option in the control of inflation.† An extra 17.7% agreed with the results; however majority of the economist disagreed with the statement by 73.9% (Rockoff, 82). The main cause why majority of economists are cynical about price control is that they alter the allocation of resources. Remark made by an economist

The supermarket industry in UK

The supermarket industry in UK The supermarket industry in UK In UK, there are a huge amount of large supermarkets and people in British are usually go to these kinds of supermarket once a week, for example, Tesco, Sainsburys, ASDA. Even though the supermarket industry in UK is not as well as the supermarket industry in America; however, it is an important part for people who living in British and a large part of supermarket is adopt the chain structure to operate and it is all over the town. Therefore, the marketing mix of the UK supermarket industry can be shown as in four parts. The price in the UK supermarket industry have connection between each firms because the price rigidity. Turning to the place of the UK supermarket industry may build in suburbs or in the city which may benefit for the consumer to choose and it have developed the service which can shop on the internet. And the promotion of the UK supermarket, they may use some advertisement in the website and billboard. This essay will be structured as four parts which is the backgrou nd of the supermarket in UK, the characteristics of oligopoly, the advantages and disadvantages of the market structure for consumer and conclusion. Moreover, the supermarket in UK can be described as an oligopoly market so that the competitive in the UK supermarket industry is very altitudinal. The characteristics of oligopoly can be divided into four parts which is non-price competition, price rigidity, L-shaped average cost curves and collusion. The structure of the oligopoly market is there is a small amount of interdependent firms which compete with each other and it can be used barriers to entry to the industry. Furthermore, the oligopolistic firms may focus on the firms which relative to their industry to consider the supply. (Anderton A, 2004) The important characteristic is the clash between cooperate and self regard. The oligopoly group will produce less goods and gather the price which higher than the marginal cost. Thus, each sellers activity may have a great influence to the other firms profit. (Mankiw N, 2009) In addition, the supermarket industry in UK is similar with the oligopoly structure. Firstly, oligopoly is dominated by few large companies which mean collusion that plan the device and make profit together. Even though the UK supermarket industry is very competitive and beneficial; however, there are four main firms in the industry which play an important role and the other firms will focus on the niche market to exist. The four firms are known as Tesco, ASDA, Sainsburys and Morrisons which are running grocery structure. The big four have become an oligopoly market structure that they have combined share of 76% of the market at the end of 2008. (BBC news, 2010) This can be seen as barriers to entry to the other various smaller companies. According to the BBC news (2010), there are about 50 UK supermarket chains have defunct. Furthermore, the price between each firms have made a price rigidity which will retain a permanent level. The supermarket market structure in UK can be seen as oligopoly market and it have brought the benefits and disadvantages for consumer. Firstly, according to the Tutor2you (2007), non-price competition has play an important role in the sales of supermarket. Because of the highly competitive of the supermarket industry in UK, firms will increase market share and use tactics to sale promotion, such as store loyalty cards, banking and other financial service and extension of opening hours. (Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4694974.stm) This figure can be shown that Tesco was dominant in the supermarket share research. Moreover, BBC news (2006) list that Tescos market share remains rising and not only this supermarket but also other supermarkets have an upward tendency such as Sainsburys. It can be seen that the measure that Tesco have use is successful to assist the company. Besides, each firm will bring out there preferential measures and provide to the consumers which can allow them to choose and every measure may have their attraction. Secondly, oligopolistic firms are very superior in the market regularly and production capacity is generally larger which means that the firms have ability to resist the risk and have advanced management technique. It is beneficial to consumers because it have indemnity that consumers can buy with confidence. However, it also bring disadvantage for consumer in two ways. First of all, one of the characteristic of the oligopoly market is interdependence between each company which means one of the companies may consider the reaction of the other firms in the marketing such as making price and some investment decisions. It may obtain the suitable profit that each oligopoly firms would satisfactory with it. Moreover, for the consumer, it may decrease the preference and the price will become indeterminacy because the price may fluctuate by the oligopoly firms. The firms may combined together and gain the monopoly price which can acquire monopoly profits. (Tutor2U, 2007) Firms may also bull operation and it is far beyond the real value of the product. It is bad for consumer because it will und ermine the interest of its consumers. According to the Top retailing (2008), because of the rising price of fuel and food which allow people seek the cheaper price. All in all, based on the characteristic of the UK supermarket and the advantages and disadvantages of the market, the oligopoly structure should pay more attention to the measure which can give people the benefit while they can make the profit. The non-price competitions which can allow consumer seek a high quality and service among the similar price between each supermarket. Company should not in their own interest but also consider the consumer that it should have many considerations such as technical and geographical to improve and perfect the system such as different discounts to the customers. Moreover, company can make a research to identify competitive suppliers, understand the information of supply market and efficient commodity strategy. 4. Reference Anderton A. (2004) Economics (3rded.) Ormskirk, Causeway Press Ltd. [Assets date: Feb, 4th] BBC news (2006), Business Economics (2009), UK supermarkets, oligopolistic competition Oligopoly watch (2003), British grocery oligopoly Structure of industry, the economics of supermarkets Author: Robert P. [Asset date: Feb, 4th] Top retailing (2008), Grocery share Author name: Nesbitt L. Tutor2U (2007), Oligopoly [Asset date: Feb, 5th]

How a Bill Becomes Law Essay example -- American Government

It seems the Founders wanted to make the passage of legislation difficult. The Constitution settles how bills become law in the United States. The procedure is operose and can take significant time to complete. The course materials of week three offer more than enough information on how the procedure works. This essay will, mainly, use the course materials to describe the process of how a bill becomes a law. The process of transforming a bill into a law requires the participation of both the Legislative branch and Executive branch of government. Before there is a law, there is a bill – and bills have many phases to pass through before these may become laws. The course materials of week three point out that a bill can originate in the House of Representatives or in the Senate – but different versions of the same bill could begin simultaneously in both chambers of Congress (Unit 3 the Congress, 9). It is possible for the President – or someone else – to write a bill, but a member of Congress must introduce the legislation through sponsorship. New bills receive a number and receive assignment to the committee best suited to examine the bill. Project Vote Smart reveals â€Å"Bills may be referred to more than one committee and it may be split so that parts are sent to different committees† (Project Vote Smart 2010). If the bill passes through the committee – or committees – the bill may get a new number before passing on to floor action. But it is not necessary for the bil l to receive a new number. The foregoing stages describe the initial actions of the Legislative branch in the procedure of a bill becoming law. Depending on the chamber of Congress where the bill exists, the procedures for floor action differ. I... ...ences American Military University Faculty. Course Materials Unit 3 the Congress. American Public University System. https://online.apus.edu/educator/student/ [the rest of the URL is deleted as it contains information tied to my student ID number, etc. in the URL and this piece of html code presents a security risk] (accessed November 22, 2010). Harris, Lawrence S. Discussion Board 3, Response to Joshua Jordan . American Public University System. https://online.apus.edu/educator/student/ [the rest of the URL is deleted as it contains information tied to my student ID number, etc. in the URL and this piece of html code presents a security risk] (accessed November 22, 2010). Project Vote Smart. GOVERNMENT 101: How a Bill Becomes a Law . Project Vote Smart. http://www.votesmart.org/program_about_pvs.php (accessed November 22, 2010)

Employee Motivation Essay

First and foremost, I want to thank , who has been my advisor and mentor throughout my studies, and served as the chair of my dissertation committee. Without sir’s patient criticism, continual support, effective teaching, and constant challenge and encouragement to give my very best efforts to my undertakings, I would not have learned what I needed to nor been prepared to complete this dissertation and future work. Much of what I have learned about the craft of research has come from Sir, and I am forever grateful for the opportunity to have studied under his guidance. I also want to give thanks to my who has contributed immensely to my professional and personal development over the past two years. I would not have made it through this research without the support, encouragement, teaching, and friendship of fellow students in the program. CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation titled â€Å"EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION IN HYDRABAD INDUSTRY LTD† submitted by embodies the bonafied work done by her under supervision of I also declare that this dissertation is a result of her effort and no part of this research has been published earlier or been submitted as a project by her for any degree or diploma for any institute or university. Today HIL is a multi product, multi locational organization with a formidable network of branches, depots, stockiest and personnel spread all over India. HIL being backed by the organizational and technical expertise of the Birlas, also has a Board of directors comprising experienced personnel from Business, Finance and Industry. The Board is chaired by Mr. C. K. Birla. HIL’s product range include Fibre Cement roofing sheets in the name of CHARMINAR and MALABAR, Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Blocks and Panels called AEROCON, Calcium Silicate insulation product called HYSIL, Jointing material for Gaskets and Plant and machinery for these products. The Hyderabad industries LIMITED, Thrissur is situated 10 km away from the Thrissur town. The exact place where the company is situated is Athani, which is an industrial area. This company was incorporated in the year 1985 and commenced production in 1986 in the name as MALABAR BUILDING PRODUCTS, which was a joint venture by HIL and KSIDC (Kerala State Industries Development Corporation. Later in the year 2005 April the company was merged with the HIL completely from the KSIDC. And in the same year the company changed its name to HYDRABAD INDUSTRIES LIMITED. About 200 employees are working in HIL, Thrissur as a whole. In that 110 employees are working in plant, 72 are office staffs and 18 are bargaining staffs. The plant is working for 24 hours and there are three shifts per day. The whole plant is completely automated. The HIL Thrissur plant is producing only the AC roofing sheets in the name of CHARMINAR. Charminar AC Roofing Sheets have been the No. 1 roofing sheets of choice for more than 50 years now, providing roofing to millions of low cost houses and to industries, commercial businesses and for several public utilities. Charminar sheets are widely known for their superior quality and durability. The raw materials used in the production process are Fibre, fly ash, rag pulp and cement. Among these raw materials Fibre is importing from Brazil and Canada and cement is mainly bought from ACC cements. The Company mainly sells their products through dealers who are selected by the company. The finished products are mainly sold in the south India, especially in Tamil Nadu. The company has a visionary management and motivated team of dynamic workers sharing common vision and working in the union. The company is moving ahead with to innovate and provide excellent production. HIL is providing to have an operational efficiency compactable with global standards. As a socially organization, it has contributed significantly towards eco-friendliness and various social causes. The company has involved in conducting a lot of community welfare programme. In this year the company conducted a welfare programme named ‘SOUHRUTHAM 2008’. Mission and Vision of Hyderabad Industries Limited To maintain leadership in Fibre cement products industry and develop complementary products and services to strengthen the core business of building products. †¢ Fulfilment of market needs with cost effective solutions for enduring and enhanced customer satisfaction. †¢ Striving for excellence in all the area of company’s operation. †¢ Innovative solutions to create world class products and services fostering collective wisdom and commitment of employees to create corporate and group culture and values which they are proud to be part of. †¢ Maintain equitable balance between development and environmental needs of the society. Quality Policy Provide products and services that adequately and consistently meet specified and identified needs of customers by ? Continues upgrade of product value and by ? Building customer responsive environment ? In making and deliverance of the products and services Research & Development. Research and Development Centre of  Hyderabad Industries Limited is fully equipped with latest state-of-art technology, equipment and test facilities including Pilot Plants situated in ultra modern spacious building covering an area of about 11000 sft of main Building and about 16000 sft area of Pilot Plant. HIL, R & D centre is recognized by Department of Science and Technology Government of India. HIL have been conferred with the DSIR National Award for R & D efforts in industry for the year 2000 in the area of new materials for â€Å"AEROCON INSTA PANEL† Dedicated team of scientists and engineers are constantly working for product up gradation, optimum utilization of raw materials, development of substitute materials, new products and new product applications, saving substantial amount of foreign exchange for the country. The R & D Division has contributed in the following specific areas: †¢ Identification and development of environment friendly building products with emerging market needs. †¢ Emphasis on process optimization, cost reduction and development of value added products. †¢ Effective utilization of energy, water and waste material. †¢ Absorption of imported technical know-how. †¢ Development of new products i. e. Aerocon Insta – Panels, Access Flooring system, pressed sheets, fire protection boards, Light weight AAC Blocks, no n-asbestos jointing material for automobile industry etc. Quality Policy Provide products and services that adequately and consistently meet specified and identified needs of customers by ? Continues upgrade of product value and by ? Building customer responsive environment ? In making and deliverance of the products and services Philosophy HYDERABAD INDUSTRIES LIMITED is committed to good Corporate Governance. The Company has been following good principles of business over the years by following all the laws and regulations of the land with an emphasis on accountability, trusteeship, and integrity. It is our responsibility to ensure that the organization is managed in a manner that protects and furthers the interests of our stakeholders. INDUSTRIAL PROFILE Asbestos  is a group of  minerals  with long, thin fibrous  crystals. The word â€Å"asbestos† is derived from a  Greek  adjective meaning inextinguishable. The  Greeks  termed asbestos the â€Å"miracle mineral† because of its soft and pliant properties, as well as its ability to withstand heat. Asbestos became increasingly popular among manufacturers and builders in the late 19th century due to its resistance to heat, electricity and chemical damage, its sound absorption and tensile strength. When asbestos is used for its resistance to fire or heat, the fibers are often mixed with cement  or woven into fabric or mats. Asbestos was used in some products for its heat resistance, and in the past was used on electric oven and hotplate wiring for its  electrical insulation  at elevated temperature, and in buildings for its  flame-retardant  and insulating properties,  tensile strength, flexibility, and resistance to chemicals. The main product ASBESTOS CEMENT SHEET is primarily a cement based product were about 10-15% asbestos fiber is needed to reinforce the cement is weather proof, even through it absorbs moisture, the water will not pass through the product. Asbestos cement is used for corrugated sheets, slates, flat sheet for animal pens, cladding molded fitting, water system rain water gutters, down pipes, under ground pipes and sewer pipes, skills, chalkboards. Most of the asbestos consumed globally is chrysolite. Russia, Kazakhstan is major producers of asbestos. The studies across the globe had not found any increased risk of carrier to the workers even at the levels of fiber/cubic centimeter, whereas the Indian chrysolite cement industry works well bellow 0. 5 fiber/cubic centimeter. Historic usage Asbestos was named by the ancient Greeks who also recognized certain hazards of the material. The Greek geographer  Strabo  and the Roman naturalist  Pliny the Elder  noted that the material damaged lungs of slaves who wove it into cloth. Charlemagne, the first  Holy Roman Emperor, is said to have had a tablecloth made of asbestos. Wealthy  Persians, who bought asbestos imported over the  Hindu Kush, amazed guests by cleaning the cloth by simply exposing it to fire. According to  Biruni  in his book of  Gems, any cloths made of asbestos were called shastakeh. Some of the Persians believed the fiber was fur from an animal named  samandar that lived in fire and died when exposed to water. Some archeologists believe that ancients made shrouds of asbestos, wherein they burned the bodies of their kings, in order to preserve only their ashes, and prevent their being mixed with those of wood or other combustible materials commonly used in funeral pyres. Others assert that the ancients used asbestos to make perpetual wicks for  sepulchral  or other lamps. In more recent centuries, asbestos was indeed used for this purpose. Although asbestos causes skin to itch upon contact,  ancient literature  indicates that it was prescribed for diseases of the skin, and particularly for the itch. It is possible that they used the term  asbestos  for  alumen plumosum, because the two terms have often been confused throughout history. Asbestos became more widespread during the industrial revolution; in the 1860s it was used as insulation in the U. S. and Canada. Development of the first commercial asbestos mine began in 1879 in the  Appalachian  foothills of  Quebec. By the mid 20th century uses included fire retardant coatings, concrete, bricks, pipes and fireplace cement, heat, fire, and acid resistant gaskets, pipe insulation, ceiling insulation, fireproof drywall, flooring, roofing, lawn furniture, and drywall joint compound. Approximately 100,000 people in the United States have died, or will die, from asbestos exposure related to ship building. In the  Hampton Roads  area, a shipbuilding center,  mesothelioma occurrence is seven times the national rate. Thousands of metric tons of asbestos were used in  World War II  ships to wrap the pipes, line the boilers, and cover engine and turbine parts. There were approximately 4. 3 million shipyard workers in the United States during WWII; for every thousand workers about fourteen died of mesothelioma and an unknown number died from asbestosis. Asbestos fibers were once used in automobile  brake pads  and shoes. Since the mid-1990s, a majority of brake pads, new or replacement, have been anufactured instead with linings made of ceramic, carbon, metallic and  Aramid fiber  (Twaron  or  Kevlar—the same material used in  bullet-proof vests). Kent, the first  filtered cigarette  on the market, used crocidolite asbestos in its â₠¬Å"Micronite† filter from 1952 to 1956. The first documented death related to asbestos was in 1906. In the early 1900s researchers began to notice a large number of early deaths and lung problems in asbestos mining towns. The first diagnosis of  asbestosis  was made in England in 1924. By the 1930s, England regulated ventilation and made asbestosis an excusable work related disease, about ten years sooner than the U. S. The term  Mesothelioma  was not used in medical literature until 1931, and was not associated with asbestos until sometime in the 1940s. The United States government and asbestos industry have been criticized for not acting quickly enough to inform the public of dangers, and to reduce public exposure. In the late 1970s court documents proved that asbestos industry officials knew of asbestos dangers and tried to conceal them. In Japan, particularly after  World War II, asbestos was used in the manufacture of  ammonium sulphate  for purposes of rice production, sprayed upon the ceilings, iron skeletons, and walls of railroad cars and buildings (during the 1960s), and used for energy efficiency reasons as well. Production of asbestos in Japan peaked in 1974 and went through ups and downs until about 1990, when production began to drop severely. Commercially available roofing materials The weather proofing material is the topmost or outermost layer, exposed to the weather. Many different kinds of materials have been used as weather proofing material: †¢ Thatch  is roofing made of plant stalks in overlapping layers. †¢ Wheat  Straw, widely used in England, France and other parts of Europe. †¢ Sea grass, used in coastal areas where there are  estuaries  such as Scotland. Has a longer life than straw. Claimed to have a life in excess of 60 years. †¢ Shingles, called  shakes  in North America. Shingles  is the generic term for a roofing material that is in many overlapping sections, regardless of the nature of the material. The word is also used specifically to denote shingles made of wood. †¢ Red cedar. Life expectancy, up to 30 years. However, young growth red cedar has a short life expectancy. High cost. Should be allowed to breathe. †¢ Hardwood. Very durable roofing found in Colonial  Australian architecture, its use now limited to  restorations. †¢ Slate. High cost with a life expectancy of up to 200 years. Slate cleaves into thin sheets, making it much lighter than concrete tiles, though heavier than sheet steel and other light roof coverings. †¢ Stone slab. Heavy stone slabs (not to be confused with slate) 1†³-2†³ thick were formerly used as roofing tiles in some regions in England. Stone slabs require a very heavyweight roof structure, but their weight makes them storm proof. An obsolete roofing material. †¢ Ceramic  tile. High cost, life of more then 100 years. †¢ Imbrex and tegula, style dating back to ancient Greece and Rome. †¢ Metal shakes or shingles. Long life. High cost, suitable for roofs of 3/12 pitch or greater. Because of the flexibility of metal, they can be manufactured to lock together, giving durability and reducing assembly time. †¢ Mechanically seamed metal. Long life. High cost, suitable for roofs of low pitch such as 0. 5/12 to 3/12 pitch. †¢ Concrete, usually reinforced with fibres of some sort. Concrete tiles require a stronger roof structure than slate, as some owners have found to their cost. Asphalt shingle, made of bitumen embedded in an organic or fiberglass mat, usually covered with colored, man-made ceramic grit. Cheaper than slate or tiles. Various life span expectancies. †¢ Asbestos  shingles. Ver y long lifespan, fireproof and low cost but now rarely used because of health concerns. †¢ Membrane. Membrane roofing is in large sheets, generally fused in some way at the joints to form a continuous surface. †¢ Thermosetting plastic  (e. g. EPDM rubber). Synthetic rubber sheets adhered together with contact adhesive or tape. Primary application is big box store with large open areas and little vertical protrusions. †¢ Thermoplastic  (e. g. PVC,  TPO,  CSPE). Plastic sheets welded together with hot air creating one continuous sheet membrane. Can be rewelded with the exception of CSPE. Lends itself well to both big box and small roof application because of its hot air weld ability. †¢ Modified  bitumen  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ heat welded, asphalt adhered or installed with adhesive. Asphalt is mixed with polymers such as APP or SBS, then applied to fiberglass and/or polyester mat, seams sealed by locally melting the asphalt with heat, hot mopping of asphalt, or adhesive. Lends itself well to all applications. †¢ Built-Up Roof – Multiple plies of asphalt saturated organic felt or coated fiberglass felts. Plies of felt are adhered with hot asphalt, coal tar pitch or adhesive. Sprayed-in-Place Polyurethane Foam (SPUF) – Foam sprayed in-place on the roof, and then coated with a wide variety of coatings, or in some instances, covered with gravel. †¢ Fabric †¢ Polyester. †¢ PTFE (synthetic Fluor polymer) embedded in  fibre glass. †¢ Metal roofing. Generally a relatively inexpensive building material, unless  copper  is used. †¢ Galvanized steel  frequently manufactured with wavy corrugations to resist lateral flexing and fitted with exposed fasteners. Widely used for low cost and durability. Sheds are normally roofed with this material. Known as  Gal iron, it was the most extensively used roofing material of 20th century Australia, now replaced in popularity by steel roofing coated with an alloy of zinc and aluminum, claimed to have up to four times the life of galvanized steel. Standing-seam metal with concealed fasteners. †¢ Mechanically seamed metal with concealed fasteners contains sealant in seams for use on very low sloped roofs. †¢ Flat-seam metal with soldered seams. †¢ Glass Clear windows have been used since the invention of glass to cover small openings in a building. They provided humans with the ability to both let light into rooms while at the sam e time keeping inclement weather outside. Glass is generally made from mixtures of sand and silicates, and is very brittle. Modern glass â€Å"curtain walls† can be used to cover the entire facade of a building. Glass can also be used to span over a wide roof structure in a â€Å"space frame†. Ceramics, these are such things as tiles, fixtures, etc. Ceramics are mostly used as fixtures or coverings in buildings. Ceramic floors, walls, counter-tops, even ceilings. Many countries use ceramic roofing tiles to cover many buildings. Ceramics used to be just a specialized form of clay-pottery firing in kilns, but it has evolved into more technical areas. †¢ Foam More recently synthetic polystyrene or polyurethane foam has been used on a limited scale. It is light weight, easily shaped and an excellent insulator. It is usually used as part of a structural insulated panel where the foam is sandwiched between wood or cement. Department Profile The organization has mainly 5 departments. They are 1. HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT 2. FINANCE DEPARTMENT 3. PURCHASE DEPARTMENT 4. MARKETING DEPARTMENT. 5. PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT Organization chart of Human Resource Department [pic] The managing human resource in the organization is an important task. Human resource department is doing the management of human resource in the organization. Hyderabad Industries Limited follows a system in HR department that each authority coming under the General Manager (works) has to report directly to General Manager (Works) in the hierarchy. This will helps to speed up the communication flow in the organization. ORGANISATION CHART OF FINANCE DEPARTMENT Sound financial decisions have been one of the critical practices in the success of Hyderabad Industries Limited, Thrissur proper planning and long vision of the financial managers help the company to undergo to smooth sail. All monetary transactions of the company are handled and brought to account by the finance department. ORGANISATION CHART OF PURCAHSE DEPARTMENT The purchase manager is the only person who is the having the prime authority to make orders for the purchase of raw materials. After referring the stock report of raw materials and finished goods, the purchase manager purchase the raw- materials in order to ensure the continuous flow of production. ORGANISATION CHART OF PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT The production manager and his team are responsible for realizing the visions of the company within constraints of technical possibility. This involves coordinating the operations of various production activities and maintains a good flow of work without any blockage. ORGANISATION CHART OF MARKETING DEPARTMEN Product Profile Charminar Aerocon panels. Charminar Aerocon Panel is a unique factory developed product that fulfills the following Green Building concept. †¢ Raw material contains up to 40% Fly Ash (recycled power plant waste). †¢ Excellent Thermal and Sound Insulation. †¢ A good fire rating up to 2 hrs. -Depending upon thickness. Factory cured panel -Dry construction at site. †¢ Completely re-locatable. †¢ Proven suitable for seismic and cyclone prone zones Other Benefits: †¢ Fast track construction -Tongue and groove joining system allows faster construction. †¢ Light weight -allows easy handling a nd erection. †¢ Excellent water & termite resistance. †¢ Can be given any surface finish Applications: Charminar Roofing Sheets are an ideal building material for roofing and side-cladding in: †¢ Industrial/ Power Plant Cladding †¢ Control Room †¢ Prefabricated site offices †¢ Prefabricated Houses, Canteens and Rest Rooms †¢ Partitions †¢ Police Stations †¢ School Buildings Telephone Exchanges †¢ ATM Cubicles Charminar AC roofing Sheets. Charminar AC Roofing Sheets have been the No. 1 roofing sheets of choice for more than 50 years now. Providing roofing to millions of low cost houses and to industries, commercial businesses and for several public utilities. Charminar sheets are widely known for their superior quality and durability. Special Features †¢ Strong & durable †¢ Weather-proof †¢ Less noise during rains †¢ Non-corrosive Charminar Concreted Roofing Sheets are made from Fibre, Portland cement and Binder. F ibre in these sheets acts as reinforcement like steel in RCC. These are owing to their quality, strength & durability. These are manufactured to exceed the requirements of strength specified in the relevant Indian standards. Standards †¢ IS: 459-1992 Specification for Corrugated and Semi-Corrugated Asbestos Cement Sheets. †¢ IS: 3007 – 1999 Code of practice for laying of Asbestos Cement Sheets, Part-I, Corrugated Sheets. †¢ IS: 1626 (Part3) 1994 – Roofing fittings. Applications Charminar Roofing Sheets are an ideal building material for roofing and side-cladding in: †¢ Industrial buildings of all types †¢ Food Storage Go downs †¢ Warehouses & Cold Storages †¢ Poultry farms, dairy farms and other agricultural sheds †¢ Garages, Verandahs and Outhouses †¢ Houses †¢ School buildings Public Utility Sheds †¢ Cooling Towers †¢ Cinema Halls †¢ Stadiums †¢ Railway & Bus Stations | | |CHAPTER-2 | | | |INTRODUCTION | |TO | |EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION | INTRODUCTION The project work entitled a study on employee motivation with special reference to Hyderabad Industries Ltd; Thrissur is mainly conducted to identify the factors which will motivate the employees and the organizational functions in Hyderabad Industries Ltd, Thrissur. Management’s basic job is the effective utilization of human resources for achievements of organizational objectives. The personnel management is concerned with organizing human resources in such a way to get maximum output to the enterprise and to develop the talent of people at work to the fullest satisfaction. Motivation implies that one person, in organization context a manager, includes another, say an employee, to engage in action by ensuring that a channel to satisfy those needs and aspirations becomes available to the person. In addition to this, the strong needs in a direction that is satisfying to the latent needs in employees and harness them in a manner that would be functional for the organization. Employee motivation is one of the major issues faced by every organization. It is the major task of every manager to motivate his subordinates or to create the ‘will to work’ among the subordinates. It should also be remembered that a worker may be immensely capable of doing some work; nothing can be achieved if he is not willing to work. A manager has to make appropriate use of motivation to enthuse the employees to follow them. Hence this studies also focusing on the employee motivation among the employees of Hyderabad Industries Ltd. The data needed for the study has been collected from the employees through questionnaires and through direct interviews. Analysis and interpretation has been done by using the statistical tools and data’s are presented through tables and charts. RESEARCH PROBLEM The research problem here in this study is associated with the motivation of employees of Hyderabad Industries Limited, Thrissur. There are a variety of factors that can influence a person’s level of motivation; some of these factors include 1. The level of pay and benefits, 2. The perceived fairness of promotion system within a company, 3. Quality of the working conditions, 4. Leadership and social relationships, 5. Employee recognition 6. Job security 7. Career development opportunities etc. Motivated employees are a great asset to any organisation. It is because the motivation and Job satisfaction is clearly linked. Hence this study is focusing on the employee motivation in the organisation. The research problem is formulated as follows: literature Review Rensis Likerthas called motivation as the core of management. Motivation is the core of management. Motivation is an effective instrument in the hands of the management in inspiring the work force . It is the major task of every manager to motivate his subordinate or to create the will to work among the subordinates . It should also be remembered that the worker may be immensely capable of doing some work, nothing can be achieved if he is not willing to work . creation of a will to work is motivation in simple but true sense of term. Motivation is an important function which very manager performs for actuating the people to work for accomplishment of objectives of the organization . Issuance of well conceived instructions and orders does not mean that they will be followed . A manager has to make appropriate use of motivation to enthuse the employees to follow them. Effective motivation succeeds not only in having an order accepted but also in gaining a determination to see that it is executed efficiently and effectively. In order to motivate workers to work for the organizational goals, the managers must determine the motives or needs of the workers and provide an environment in which appropriate incentives are available for their satisfaction . If the management is successful in doing so; it will also be successful in increasing the willingness of the workers to work. This will increase efficiency and effectiveness of the organization . There will be better utilization of resources and workers abilities and capacities. The concept of motivation The word motivation has been derived from motive which means any idea, need or emotion that prompts a man in to action. Whatever may be the behavior of man, there is some stimulus behind it . Stimulus is dependent upon the motive of the person concerned. Motive can be known by studying his needs and desires. There is no universal theory that can explain the factors influencing motives which control mans behavior at any particular point of time. In general, the different motives operate at different times among different people and influence their behaviors. The process of motivation studies the motives of individuals which cause different type of behavior. 2. 2 Definition of Motivation. According to Edwin B Flippo, â€Å"Motivation is the process of attempting to influence others to do their work through the possibility of gain or reward. 2. 3 Significance of Motivation Motivation involves getting the members of the group to pull weight effectively, to give their loyalty to the group, to carry out properly the purpose of the organization. The following results may be expected if the employees are properly motivated. 1. The workforce will be better satisfied if the management provides them with opportunities to fulfill their physiological and psychological needs. The workers will cooperate voluntarily with the management and will contribute their maximum towards the goals of the enterprise. 2. Workers will tend to be as efficient as possible by improving upon their skills and knowledge so that they are able to contribute to the progress of the organization. This will also result in increased productivity. 3. The rates of labor’s turnover and absenteeism among the workers will be low. 4. There will be good human relations in the organization as friction among the workers themselves and between the workers and the management will decrease. 5. The number of complaints and grievances will come down. Accident will also be low. 6. There will be increase in the quantity and quality of products. Wastage and scrap will be less. Better quality of products will also increase the public image of the business. 2. 4 Motivation Process. 1. Identification of need 2. Tension 3. Course of action 4. Result –Positive/Negative 5. Feed back 2. 5 Theories of Motivation. Understanding what motivated employees and how they were motivated was the focus of many researchers following the publication of the Hawthorne study results (Terpstra, 1979). Six major approaches that have led to our understanding of motivation are Mcclelland’s Achievement Need Theory, Behavior Modification theory; Abraham H Mallows need hierarchy or Deficient theory of motivation. J. S. Adam’s Equity Theory, Vrooms Expectation Theory, Two factor Theory. McClelland’s Achievement Need Theory. According to McClelland’s there are three types of needs; Need for Achievement (n Ach); This need is the strongest and lasting motivating factor. Particularly in case of persons who satisfy the other needs. They are constantly pre occupied with a desire for improvement and lack for situation in which successful outcomes are directly correlated with their efforts. They set more difficult but achievable goals for themselves because success with easily achievable goals hardly provides a sense of achievement. Need for Power (n Pow) It is the desire to control the behavior of the other people and to manipulate the surroundings. Power motivations positive applications results in domestic leadership style, while it negative application tends autocratic style. Need for affiliation (n Aff) It is the related to social needs and creates friendship. This results in formation of informal groups or social circle. Behavioral Modification Theory; According to this theory people behavior is the outcome of favorable and unfavorable past circumstances. This theory is based on learning theory. Skinner conducted his researches among rats and school children. He found that stimulus for desirable behavior could be strengthened by rewarding it at the earliest. In the industrial situation, this relevance of this theory may be found in the installation of financial and non financial incentives. More immediate is the reward and stimulation or it motivates it. Withdrawal of reward incase of low standard work may also produce the desired result. However, researches show that it is generally more effective to reward desired behavior than to punish undesired behavior. Abraham H Maslow Need Hierarchy or Deficient theory of Motivation. The intellectual basis for most of motivation thinking has been provided by behavioral scientists, A. H Maslow and Frederick Heizberg, whose published works are the â€Å"Bible of Motivation†. Although Maslow himself did not apply his theory to industrial situation, it has wide impact for beyond academic circles. Douglous Mac Gregor has used Maslow’s theory to interpret specific problems in personnel administration and industrial relations. The crux of Maslow’s theory is that human needs are arranged in hierarchy composed of five categories. The lowest level needs are physiological and the highest levels are the self actualization needs. Maslow starts with the formation that man is a wanting animal with a hierarchy of needs of which some are lower ins scale and some are in a higher scale or system of values. As the lower needs are satisfied, higher needs emerge. Higher needs cannot be satisfied unless lower needs are fulfilled. A satisfied need is not a motivator. This resembles the standard economic theory of diminishing returns. The hierarchy of needs at work in the individual is today a routine tool of personnel trade and when these needs are active, they act as powerful conditioners of behavior- as Motivators. Hierarchy of needs; the main needs of men are five. They are physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, ego needs and self actualization needs, as shown in order of their importance. Fig (2. 1) The above five basic needs are regarded as striving needs which make a person do things. The first model indicates the ranking of different needs. The second is more helpful in indicating how the satisfaction of the higher needs is based on the satisfaction of lower needs. It also shows how the number of person who has experienced the fulfillment of the higher needs gradually tapers off. Physiological or Body Needs: – The individual move up the ladder responding first to the physiological needs for nourishment, clothing and shelter. These physical needs must be equated with pay rate, pay practices and to an extent with physical condition of the job. Safety: – The next in order of needs is safety needs, the need to be free from danger, either from other people or from environment. The individual want to assured, once his bodily needs are satisfied, that they are secure and will continue to be satisfied for foreseeable feature. The safety needs may take the form of job security, security against disease, misfortune, old age etc as also against industrial injury. Such needs are generally met by safety laws, measure of social security, protective labor laws and collective agreements. Social needs: – Going up the scale of needs the individual feels the desire to work in a cohesive group and develop a sense of belonging and identification with a group. He feels the need to love and be loved and the need to belong and be identified with a group. In a large organization it is not easy to build up social relations. However close relationship can be built up with at least some fellow workers. Every employee wants too feel that he is wanted or accepted and that he is not an alien facing a hostile group. Ego or Esteem Needs: – These needs are reflected in our desire for status and recognition, respect and prestige in the work group or work place such as is conferred by the recognition of ones merit by promotion, by participation in management and by fulfillment of workers urge for self expression. Some of the needs relate to ones esteem e. g. ; need for achievement, self confidence, knowledge, competence etc. On the job, this means praise for a job but more important it means a feeling by employee that at all times he has the respect of his supervisor as a person and as a contributor to the organizational goals. Self realization or Actualization needs: – This upper level need is one which when satisfied provide insights to support future research regarding strategic guidance for organization that are both providing and using reward/recognition programs makes the employee give up the dependence on others or on the environment. He becomes growth oriented, self oriented, directed, detached and creative. This need reflects a state defined in terms of the extent to which an individual attains his personnel goal. This is the need which totally lies within oneself and there is no demand from any external situation or person. J. S Adams Equity Theory Employee compares her/his job inputs outcome ratio with that of reference. If the employee perceives inequity, she/he will act to correct the inequity: lower productivity, reduced quality, increased absenteeism, voluntary resignation. Vrooms Expectation Theory Vroom’s theory is based on the belief that employee effort will lead to performance and performance will lead to rewards (Vroom, 1964). Reward may be either positive or negative. The more positive the reward the more likely the employee will be highly motivated. Conversely, the more negative the reward the less likely the employee will be motivated. Two Factor Theory Douglas McGregor introduced the theory with the help of two views; X assumptions are conservative in style Assumptions are modern in style. X Theory †¢ Individuals inherently dislike work. †¢ People must be coerced or controlled to do work to achieve the objectives. †¢ People prefer to be directed Y Theory †¢ People view work as being as natural as play and rest †¢ People will exercise self direction and control towards achieving objectives they are committed to †¢ People learn to accept and seek responsibility. 2. 6 Types of Motivation. Intrinsic motivation occurs when people are internally motivated to do something because it either brings them pleasure, they think it is important, or they feel that what they are learning is morally significant. Extrinsic motivation comes into play when a student is compelled to do something or act a certain way because of factors external to him or her (like money or good grades) 2. 7 Incentives An incentive is something which stimulates a person towards some goal. It activates human needs and creates the desire to work. Thus, an incentive is a means of motivation. In organizations, increase in incentive leads to better performance and vice versa. Need for Incentives Man is a wanting animal. He continues to want something or other. He is never fully satisfied. If one need is satisfied, the other need need arises. In order to motivate the employees, the management should try to satisfy their needs. For this purpose, both financial and non financial incentives may be used by the management to motivate the workers. Financial incentives or motivators are those which are associated with money. They include wages and salaries, fringe benefits, bonus, retirement benefits etc. Non financial motivators are those which are not associated with monetary rewards. They include intangible incentives like ego-satisfaction, self-actualization and responsibility. INCENTIVES Financial Incentives Non-financial incentives – Wages and Salaries. – Competition – Bonus – Group recognition – Medical reimbursement – Job security – Insurance – Praise – Housing facility – Knowledge of result – Retirement benefits. – Workers participation. – Suggestion system. – Opportunities for growth 2. 8 Motivation is the key to performance improvement There is an old saying you can take a horse to the water but you cannot force it to drink; it will drink only if it’s thirsty – so with people. They will do what they want to do or otherwise motivated to do. Whether it is to excel on the workshop floor or in the ‘ivory tower’ they must be motivated or driven to it, either by themselves or through external stimulus. Are they born with the self-motivation or drive? Yes and no. If no, they can be motivated, for motivation is a skill which can and must be learnt. This is essential for any business to survive and succeed. Performance is considered to be a function of ability and motivation, thus: †¢ Job performance =f(ability)(motivation) Ability in turn depends on education, experience and training and its improvement is a slow and long process. On the other hand motivation can be improved quickly. There are many options and an uninitiated manager may not even know where to start. As a guideline, there are broadly seven strategies for motivation. There are broadly seven strategies for motivation. †¢ Positive reinforcement / high expectations †¢ Effective discipline and punishment †¢ Treating people fairly †¢ Satisfying employees needs †¢ Setting work related goals †¢ Restructuring jobs †¢ Base rewards on job performance Essentially, there is a gap between an individual’s actual state and some desired state and the manager tries to reduce this gap. Motivation is, in effect, a means to reduce and manipulate this gap. | | |CHAPTER-3 | |RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study is intended to evaluate motivation of employees in the organization. A good motivational program procedure is essential to achieve goal of the organization. If efficient motivational programmes of employees are made not only in this particular organization but also any other organization; the organizations can achieve the efficiency also to develop a good organizational culture. Motivation has variety of effects. These effects may be seen in the context of an individual’s physical and mental health, productivity, absenteeism and turnover. Employee delight has to be managed in more than one way. This helps in retaining and nurturing the true believers â€Å"who can deliver value to the organization. Proliferating and nurturing the number of â€Å"true believers† [1]is the challenge for future and present HR managers. This means innovation and creativity. It also means a change in the gear for HR polices and practices. The faster the organizations nurture their employees, the more successful they will be. The challenge before HR managers today is to delight their employees and nurture their creativity to keep them a bloom. This study helps the researcher to realize the importance of effective employee motivation. This research study examines types and levels of employee motivational programmes and also discusses management ideas that can be utilized to innovate employee motivation. It helps to provide insights to support future research regarding strategic guidance for organizations that are both providing and using reward/recognition programs Objectives of the study Primary objective 1. To study the important factors which are needed to motivate the employees. Secondary Objective. 1. To study the effect of monetary and non-monetary benefits provided by the organization on the employee’s performance. 2. To study the effect of job promotions on employees. 3. To learn the employee’s satisfaction on the interpersonal relationship exists in the organization. To provide the practical suggestion for the improvement of organization’s performance Research methodology. Research is a systematic method of finding solutions to problems. It is essentially an investigation, a recording and an analysis of evidence for the purpose of gaining knowledge. According to Clifford woody, â€Å"research comprises of defining and redefining problem, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions, collecting, organizing and evaluating data, reaching conclusions, testing conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulated hypothesis†[2] Sampling Design. A sample design is a finite plan for obtaining a sample from a given population. Simple random sampling is used for this study. Universe. The universe chooses for the research study is the employees of Hyderabad Industries Ltd. Sample Size. Number of the sampling units selected from the population is called the size of the sample. Sample of 50 respondents were obtained from the population. Sampling Procedure. The procedure adopted in the present study is probability sampling, which is also known as chance sampling. Under this sampling design, every item of the frame has an equal chance of inclusion in the sample. Methods of Data Collection. The data’s were collected through Primary and secondary sources. 1. Primary Sources. Primary data are in the form of â€Å"raw material† to which statistical methods are applied for the purpose of analysis and interpretations. The primary sources are discussion with employees, data’s collected through questionnaire. 2. Secondary Sources. Secondary data’s are in the form of finished products as they have already been treated statistically in some form or other. The secondary data mainly consists of data and information collected from records, company websites and also discussion with the management of the organization. Secondary data was also collected from journals, magazines and books. 3. Nature of Research. Descriptive research, also known as statistical research, describes data and characteristics about the population or phenomenon being studied. Descriptive research answers the questions who, what, where, when and how. Although the data description is factual, accurate and systematic, the research cannot describe what caused a situation. Thus, descriptive research cannot be used to create a causal relationship, where one variable affects another. In other words, descriptive research can be said to have a low requirement for internal validity. 4. Questionnaire. A well defined questionnaire that is used effectively can gather information on both overall performance of the test system as well as information on specific components of the system. A defeated questionnaire was carefully prepared and specially numbered. The questions were arranged in proper order, in accordance with the relevance. 5. Nature of Questions Asked. The questionnaire consists of open ended, dichotomous, rating and ranking questions. Pre-testing A pre-testing of questionnaire was conducted with 10 questionnaires, which were distributed and all of them were collected back as completed questionnaire. On the basis of doubts raised by the respondents the questionnaire was redialed to its present form. Sample A finite subset of population, selected from it with the objective of investigating its properties called a sample. A sample is a representative part of the population. A sample of 50 respondents in total has been randomly selected. The response to various elements under each questions were totaled for the purpose of various statistical testing. Variables of the Study. The direct variable of the study is the employee motivation Indirect variables are the incentives, interpersonal relations, career development opportunities and performance appraisal system.

Weather Computing essays

Weather Computing essays Weather forecasting has been an important application area over the past 100 years. The complex numerical calculations and modeling structures that have been developed, require a fairly sophisticated level of technological development. Prior to the advent of digital computers it was practically impossible to forecast the weather. As technology progressed, so did the theoretical models, leading to increases in detail and accuracy levels of weather forecasting. The first steps in scientific weather forecasting The numerical models had been developed by Lewis Fry Richardson, who used basic equations of motion and state to model atmospheric dynamics. The data sets in the model included that barometric pressure and wind speed for a particular region. In 1922 he published Weather Prediction by Arithmetic Finite Differences which demonstrated the correlation of mathematics and the weather. Essentially the model would simulate the evolution of weather patterns. The computational power needed to carry out the calculations involved some 64000 people armed with slide rules and mechanical calculators. Each member would carry out parts of the calculation; telegraph and flashing coloured lights would transmit results. Despite the huge efforts exerted, weather could only be calculated only as fast at it was happening and results were incorrect. This stemmed from lack of computational power and the lack of meteorological data. Richardsons equations worked by separating regions into areas of a specific size. The calculations performed in each area would be combined to form the weather forecast. In order to obtain more accurate readings, the separated regions have to be reduced in size. However this meant that more data and computational power would be needed (the ability to obtain both of were lacking at the time). In figure 1 we see Locations of meteorological stations from which Richardson obtained upper-air observations...

Free Essays on James Madison And The Tenth Federalist Paper

James Madison truly was a remarkable man. Intelligent, dutiful and possessed of a sense of civic duty that hasn’t been duplicated since his era. The tenth Federalist Paper is the perfect manifestation of all these qualities. If not for men of Madison’s vision, the United States might still be nothing more than an English investment colony. In this edition, Madison speaks out against the faction system and it’s place in American life. â€Å"Among the numerous advantages promised by a well constructed Union, none deserves to be more accurately developed than its tendency to break and control the violence of faction. The friend of popular governments never finds himself so much alarmed for their character and fate, as when he contemplates their propensity to this dangerous vice.† This is undoubtedly the case. Factions, or lobbies as they are referred to today, can oftentimes influence the decisions of lawmakers on the basis of public demand. How ofte n are those decisions made at the cost of someone else’s privilege? As for what can be done about the possible abuse of faction influence, Madison suggests two possibilities, â€Å"There are two methods of curing the mischiefs of faction: the one, by removing its causes; the other, by controlling its effects.† Madison goes further to explain, â€Å"There are again two methods of removing the causes of faction: the one, by destroying the liberty which is essential to its existence; the other, by giving to every citizen the same opinions, the same passions, and the same interests.â€Å" Madison knew that neither if these was practical. The American colonists had fought so long for liberty that to even suggest denial of that right would amount to blasphemy. The other option would destroy America’s greatest strength, its diversity. It appeared to Madison that the causes then could not cured by removing the causes, but that the answer must lay in controlling its effects. Luc... Free Essays on James Madison And The Tenth Federalist Paper Free Essays on James Madison And The Tenth Federalist Paper James Madison truly was a remarkable man. Intelligent, dutiful and possessed of a sense of civic duty that hasn’t been duplicated since his era. The tenth Federalist Paper is the perfect manifestation of all these qualities. If not for men of Madison’s vision, the United States might still be nothing more than an English investment colony. In this edition, Madison speaks out against the faction system and it’s place in American life. â€Å"Among the numerous advantages promised by a well constructed Union, none deserves to be more accurately developed than its tendency to break and control the violence of faction. The friend of popular governments never finds himself so much alarmed for their character and fate, as when he contemplates their propensity to this dangerous vice.† This is undoubtedly the case. Factions, or lobbies as they are referred to today, can oftentimes influence the decisions of lawmakers on the basis of public demand. How ofte n are those decisions made at the cost of someone else’s privilege? As for what can be done about the possible abuse of faction influence, Madison suggests two possibilities, â€Å"There are two methods of curing the mischiefs of faction: the one, by removing its causes; the other, by controlling its effects.† Madison goes further to explain, â€Å"There are again two methods of removing the causes of faction: the one, by destroying the liberty which is essential to its existence; the other, by giving to every citizen the same opinions, the same passions, and the same interests.â€Å" Madison knew that neither if these was practical. The American colonists had fought so long for liberty that to even suggest denial of that right would amount to blasphemy. The other option would destroy America’s greatest strength, its diversity. It appeared to Madison that the causes then could not cured by removing the causes, but that the answer must lay in controlling its effects. Luc...

Business strategy. Strategies aren't worth the paper they're written Essay

Business strategy. Strategies aren't worth the paper they're written on Discuss - Essay Example According to MacMillan and Tampoe, each business must have a business strategy and, thus, multiple of business enterprises must have a number of strategies (2001, p. 171). Yet, at the same time, the situation implies that there is a need to appropriately define the scope of each business (MacMillan and Tampoe, 2001, p. 171). According to MacMillan and Tampoe (2001, p. 172-173), in addition to the four content pointed out earlier, a business strategy document should also contain the following: 1) a statement of intentions; 2) the principal findings of a strategic assessment covering analyses of the business environment and capabilities of the enterprise; 3) the strategic choices that have been made and the reasons for each strategic choice decision; 4) articulation of goals and objectives; and 5) identification of key initiatives that the enterprise would take. Perhaps, a good indication that the use of strategy is not on the way out is a key document from the United Kingdom’s Her Majesty’s Court Service or HMCS. A 2006 document of Her Majesty’s Court Service or HMCS outlined a â€Å"business strategy†. ... † written in 2006 described what the business organization of the HMCS will be like and articulated a business model, defined priorities, and defined a strategy that covered effective case management, modernisation, simplification of procedures, and ensuring compliance. From the 2006 HMCS document alone, it is clear that the use of business strategy is not on the way out. Organisations such as businesses and government units use business strategy to articulate both to their personnel as well as clients how they intend to conduct their business or how each personnel should behave as they conduct their business. Big business corporations employ strategy. For instance, this fact is indicated in a 2008 document of the Coca-Cola Company. The importance of a business strategy document is highlighted by a statement on the 2008 document of the Coca-Cola Company. The Coca-Cola Company (2008, p. 2) document says, â€Å"Simple ideas backed by constructive action can change the world. As we set out to create a more sustainable world, we begin by imagining what it might look like. Then, in collaboration with our associates and partners around the world, we embark on joint efforts to make that vision a reality. Because nothing important was ever conceived without imagination or accomplished without effort.† Of course, while strategy involves imagination, it is not equal to imagination. It is, at the same time, imagination and a lot more. It involves an assessment of the situation and, as mentioned earlier, the identification of basic choices that must be made and the decisions taken on those choices to steer the enterprise given various types of anticipated scenarios in the future. The Cocal-Cola business strategy or strategy (the word â€Å"business† is written off because

Trade and investment issues between China and other econmies Essay

Trade and investment issues between China and other econmies - Essay Example However, after 1978, the country has experienced actual growth of more than 9 percent annually. In the topmost years, Chinas economy grew more than 13 percent. For the last 15 years, the nation has increased its per capita income (Zhuli and Mohsin, par. 1). Furthermore, some experts are even predicting that in about 20 years, the economy of China will be larger than US. An IMF research team that recently examined the sources of Chinas growth reached a surprising conclusion. The constant productivity increase was the driving force behind Chinas economic boom. According to Zhulu and Mohsin (par. 5), productivity gains in the years 1979 to 1994 accounted for more than 42% of the growth of China. By the early 1990s, it had overtaken the capital as the most important source of that growth. A traditional development view in which capital investment takes the lead is marked from this. The productivity jump originated in the reforms of the economy begun in the year 1978. Additionally, the much earlier study on the development of the economy have suggested an important role of capital investment in the growth of the economy. It has also proposed a sizable portion of the recent growth of the country is in fact accredited to capital investment that has made China more productive. The meaning of this is that better technology, new machinery, and more infrastructure investment has helped China to raise its output. Higher productivity has performed the most recent economic miracle in China, Zhuli and Mohsin (par. 10) state. The countys productivity increased at a yearly rate of 3.9 percent during 1979 to 1994, compared with 1953-1978s 1.1 percent. Output growth productivity share exceeded 50 percent. Such explosive growth is outstanding. Chinas economic growth rate of almost 4 percent puts the country in a class by itself (Zhuli and Mohsin, par. 10). Pre and post-1978 China experts indicate that market-oriented reforms embarked on